Arthroscopy & Repair

Arthroscopic rotator cuff and labral repair: technical evolution, suture anchor selection, and comparative failure rates of single-row vs double-row constructs.

Overview

Arthroscopic repair serves as a definitive treatment for diverse shoulder pathologies, including recurrent anterior dislocations, massive rotator cuff tears, posterior instability, and primary synovial chondromatosis. For posterior instability, the approach enables inspection and anatomic-specific repairs, yielding excellent outcomes when all supporting structures are addressed [4]. In cases of primary synovial chondromatosis, arthroscopic management is an effective choice associated with low morbidity and early functional return [5]. Similarly, arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [1].

Patient selection and tear characteristics critically influence arthroscopic outcomes across various indications. Patients meeting eligibility criteria for stabilization, specifically those without significant bony lesions or deformity, can expect equivalent recurrence rates but better functional outcomes and less morbidity compared to open methods [13]. Primary arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears is associated with significant improvements in pain, function, and objective scores, with chronic tears showing a low rate of re-tear [2]. For irreparable tears, partial repair may produce initial improvement at two years, yet approximately half of these patients report dissatisfaction as outcomes deteriorate over time [3]. Additionally, arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP lesions yields good outcomes regardless of age if patient selection is adequate [72], while an L-shaped tear of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex in pediatric patients achieves excellent short-term results with anatomic repair [11].

In the context of athletic populations and revision scenarios, arthroscopic repair remains a viable option for Bankart repairs in highly active athletes [14]. With proper patient selection, outcomes of revision arthroscopic Bankart repair appear similar to those of revision open Bankart repair [60]. The major indication for revision rotator cuff repair is the persistence of clinical symptoms despite nonsurgical management in the absence of substantial risk factors for failure [19]. Furthermore, endoscopic gluteus medius repair with concomitant arthroscopic labral treatment results in safe, durable, and significant improvement in patient-reported outcomes at a minimum 5-year follow-up [71].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Kinematics and Biomechanics

Three-dimensional shoulder kinematics normalize following rotator cuff repair, with observed scapular changes correlating to increased overall range of motion and restored muscle function [21]. In irreparable supraspinatus tears, superior capsular reconstruction restores key biomechanical parameters to intact levels [22]. Fascia lata allograft superior capsule reconstruction restores glenohumeral translations but alters kinematics by shifting the humeral head inferiorly compared to the intact state at low abduction levels [37]. Similarly, resurfacing the acromial undersurface via the Bursal Acromial Reconstruction (BAR) technique significantly improves superior translation, maximum abduction angle, cumulative deltoid force, and subacromial contact pressure compared to irreparable tears [48]. Both subacromial balloon spacers and superior capsular reconstruction decrease superior humeral head migration and restore more normal joint position and forces during various abduction positions [55]. While biomechanical findings suggest improved subacromial contact pressures with thicker grafts in 15° to 45° of abduction, these have not been confirmed to translate to clinical massive rotator cuff insufficiency [57].

Kinematic Restoration and Stabilization Techniques

Digital dynamic radiography enables noninvasive, low-radiation examination and objective quantification of disease severity [31]. Arm kinematic analyses indicate that open surgery stabilizes the shoulder but does not necessarily restore normal movement quality [35]. The Latarjet procedure maintains a modified scapular position throughout the range of motion, suggesting a stabilizing kinematic effect beyond bony, sling, and bumper mechanisms [36]. Latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT) may restore native glenohumeral kinematics more sufficiently than lower trapezius transfer (LTT) [46]. A V-shaped semitendinosus allograft anterior cable reconstruction partially restores superior stability and reduces peak subacromial contact pressure in massive cuff tears without affecting glenohumeral kinematics [53]. The novel arthroscopic extracapsular stabilization technique (BLS) provides significant functional improvement without reducing range of motion [39]. In shoulder instability without labral tears, the capsulolabral advancement technique may be biomechanically superior [32].

Subscapularis and Glenoid Morphology

Debate persists regarding optimal strength and stability for subscapularis management, with no consensus on repair technique [52]. Available biomechanical evidence regarding subscapularis repair in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is limited, necessitating further study [44]. Both open and arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears with subscapularis involvement significantly improve shoulder function and are relatively safe procedures [64]. Glenoid morphology can normalize during the intermediate to long-term postoperative period after arthroscopic repair of chronic osseous Bankart lesions, even with smaller fragments [58]. However, cadaver studies on suture anchor repair for instability and SLAP lesions demonstrate a clear lack of consistency in testing methods [61].

Complications

Shoulder stiffness remains the most frequent complication within 6 months following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [41].

Classification

Modified Patte: This system classifies rotator cuff tendon retraction and demonstrates high measurement reliability [45]. Its diagnostic performance is excellent for predicting reparability in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [45] and acceptable for predicting rotator cuff healing [45].

Haddad: This classification system provides the best interobserver reliability for the arthroscopic assessment of chondral damage of the hip [54].

LHB Instability Classification: A new arthroscopic classification was created based on the association between long head of biceps (LHB) instability, LHB lesions, and rotator cuff tear size [43]. LHB instability is associated with LHB lesions and rotator cuff tear size [43].

Other Considerations: Twenty-six different criteria described by multiple classification systems have been identified for the magnetic resonance assessment of the rotator cuff after repair [24]. Understanding of hip disorder-specific chondral damage patterns may be useful for the development of an arthroscopic classification of hip disorders [62] and may lead to the establishment of treatment guidelines [62]. A structured core set of local events associated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has been developed by international consensus [65].

Clinical Presentation

Arthroscopic evaluation and repair demonstrate favorable clinical outcomes for posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [1]. In cases of posterior instability, arthroscopic management allows for inspection and anatomic-specific repairs when all supporting structures are addressed, yielding excellent outcomes under these conditions [4]. For primary synovial chondromatosis, arthroscopic management is an effective treatment choice associated with low morbidity and early functional return [5]. Diagnostic utility varies by context; the arthroscopic approach for distal clavicle excision offers a unique advantage in diagnosing and treating occult intra-articular pathology [12], while a specific examination technique provided diagnostic information not obtainable on preliminary conventional arthroscopy in 74% of clinical trials without complications [15]. Conversely, diagnostic arthroscopy yields limited benefit for nonspecific wrist pain when the preoperative diagnosis is unclear [10].

Rotator Cuff Pathology: Primary arthroscopic repair of massive tears improves pain, function, and objective scores with a low re-tear rate for chronic tears [2]. Partial repair of irreparable tears may yield initial improvement at two years, yet approximately half of patients report dissatisfaction with outcomes that deteriorate over time [3]. In revision scenarios, successful outcomes require a complete understanding of anatomy and failure causes, with recent studies reporting 52% to 69% satisfactory results for small or medium tears and greater than 60% good or excellent results overall [6]. Age influences prognosis; patients aged 65 years or older can achieve tendon healing and significant functional improvement, while those younger than 40 years with or without concomitant procedures show excellent outcomes [16, 17]. Patients younger than 50 years achieve predictably good to excellent results regardless of tear size [26]. Surgical arthroscopy for rotator pathology in middle-aged patients improves pain and function regardless of traumatic onset, with earlier repair following trauma correlating to better outcome scores [28]. No difference exists in long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes between arthroscopic and open rotator cuff repair [29].

Labral and Specialized Findings: Primary acetabular labrum repair shows good clinical results with evidence of healing, even among the 11% of patients requiring repeat arthroscopy [8]. Arthroscopic repair of 270°-360° labral tears yields excellent outcomes similar to smaller tears, and identifying factors associated with larger tears aids surgical planning [27]. The "paraglider-wing" sign serves as an arthroscopic indicator for partial-thickness bursal-surface tears of the supraspinatus tendon, guiding diagnosis, classification, and suture placement [23]. Regarding adjuncts, tranexamic acid provides no measurable improvement in visualization or early pain scores during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [9]. Finally, one in three patients requires additional surgical intervention after initial arthroscopy for native shoulder septic arthritis [30].

Investigations

MRI: MRI is critical for identifying intratendinous subscapularis tears when features of pre-operative imaging, physical examination, and arthroscopic views are understood [102]. In the context of rotator cuff repair, MRI data suggest improved healing rates in single-row (SR) repairs across the entire patient population [63], while double-row (DR) repair demonstrates improved radiographic healing when similar-sized tears are compared [63]. However, no clinical or MRI differences were observed between patients repaired with single-row versus double-row techniques [78]. Post-surgical MRI reveals a slight (11.3%-13.9%) increase in muscle volume from preoperative to final follow-up after successful arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [104]. Patients with healed tendons on MRI exhibit significantly better functional and subjective outcomes following arthroscopic suture-bridge repair for small to medium supraspinatus tears [101]. In patients with bursal-side partial-thickness tears, follow-up MRI shows minimal damage to intact articular tendon fibers and good clinical results at a minimum of 2 years [106]. Additionally, 82% (18 of 22) of patients with partial-thickness tears treated with tear completion and repair showed no evidence of full-thickness or near full-thickness defects on follow-up MRI at 2 years [97]. Younger patients with single tendon tears are more likely to demonstrate spontaneous resolution of radiographic defects after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [85]. For osteochondral lesions of the talus, MRI demonstrated complete regeneration of subchondral bone and cartilage in all patients with Hepple Stage V lesions treated with a platelet-rich plasma scaffold [90].

Arthroscopy: Diagnostic arthroscopy performed when the preoperative diagnosis is unclear yields limited diagnostic benefit [10]. Conversely, the arthroscopic approach for distal clavicle excision offers a unique advantage in diagnosing occult intra-articular pathology [12]. A specific arthroscopic technique provided diagnostic information not obtainable on preliminary conventional arthroscopic examination in 74 percent of clinical trials [15]. Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [1]. No significant differences were found between two arthroscopic rotator cuff repair techniques regarding functional or radiological results [20]. Post-surgical radiographic and anatomical evidence of capsular defects exists in a select group of patients following hip arthroscopy [81].

Laboratory: Low serum vitamin D is not correlated with the severity of a rotator cuff tear or retear after arthroscopic repair, nor does it have a significant relationship with postoperative structural integrity or functional outcomes [108].

Other Considerations: Tranexamic acid used for visualization during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair provides no measurable improvement in arthroscopic visualization or early pain scores [9]. Image-guided platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment administered on two occasions does not improve early tendon-bone healing or functional recovery after arthroscopic supraspinatus tendon repair [95]. Neither critical shoulder angle nor acromial index influences functional outcomes after repair of massive rotator cuff tears [103]. Future research focusing on tendon healing is required as repair integrity on MRI correlates with clinical outcomes [91].

Treatment

Non-Operative

Conservative management remains the primary treatment for non-traumatic supraspinatus tears at one-year follow-up, as operative intervention offers no superiority over nonoperative care [73]. Nonoperative treatment is also effective for patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears [87]. For superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) tears, nonoperative treatment should be considered the first line, though specific factors may predict failure of conservative management [80].

Operative

Indications: Arthroscopic stabilization is appropriate for patients meeting eligibility criteria without significant bony lesions or deformity, offering equivalent recurrence rates with better functional outcomes and less morbidity compared to open methods [13]. This approach remains viable even in highly active athletic populations [14]. The major indication for revision rotator cuff repair is the persistence of clinical symptoms despite nonsurgical management in the absence of substantial risk factors for failure [19]. For hip pathology, the main indication for labrum reconstruction is a deficient labrum due to previous surgical excision or irreparable tears in young patients with no significant arthritis [47]. Hip arthroscopy is supported for a variety of indications following hip arthroplasty [56]. Conversely, arthroscopic treatment should no longer be offered for subacromial impingement as surgery provides no discernible benefits and may result in harm [83].

Surgical Approach / Technique: Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [1]. Arthroscopic surgery for posterior instability allows inspection and anatomic-specific repairs, resulting in excellent outcomes when all supporting structures are addressed [4]. An L-shaped tear of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex in a pediatric patient can be managed with anatomic repair leading to excellent short-term results [11]. Arthroscopic management is an effective treatment of choice for primary synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder, characterized by low morbidity and early functional return [5]. The arthroscopic approach for autologous osteochondral transplant in capitellum osteochondritis dissecans is a valuable tool to reduce invasiveness despite being more demanding [25]. Arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears provides similar functional results to mini-open and open procedures, with the added benefits of minimally invasive surgery [33].

Implant Selection: A Bankart repair construct using two double-loaded anchors was either superior to or equal to a repair construct using three single-loaded anchors in all measured outcomes [105]. Suture-button fixation for arthroscopic Latarjet is a safe and reliable alternative to screw fixation, requiring no hardware removal, demonstrating a low instability recurrence rate, and allowing excellent return to pre-injury activity levels [107]. The use of bioabsorbable anchors in rotator cuff repair should be reconsidered due to possible interference with revision surgery [96]. The Fixation Seat appears to be a viable option for securing suture arthroscopically and eliminating the need to tie knots in rotator cuff repair [98]. Double-layer fixation may provide a stronger initial repair than commonly used single-layer techniques in rotator cuff repair [92]. Reliable fixation can be achieved in individuals with poor quality tissue and bone during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with adherence to biomechanical principles and the use of advanced arthroscopic reinforcement techniques [99].

Pain Management: Interscalene block combined with multimodal pain control is an effective and safe method for providing postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [59]. Multimodal analgesia for rotator cuff repair should be individualized based on surgical location, complexity, and patient comorbidity, with interscalene block preferred for complex anterior procedures unless respiratory comorbidities are present [77]. Neuraxial anesthesia in routine hip arthroscopy is associated with lower immediate postoperative pain scores, lower intraoperative and immediate postoperative opioid requirements, and may be associated with shorter anesthesia recovery time compared with general anesthesia [75]. Local anesthesia with sedation allows pain control sufficient for massive rotator cuff mobilization and repair, offering a potential clinical advantage by enabling visual assessment of muscle viability and repair solidity [82]. Subacromial continuous infusion of local anesthetic does not provide a clinically significant benefit compared with placebo as part of a multimodal analgesia regime after arthroscopic subacromial surgical procedures [68].

Adjuncts: Tranexamic acid for visualization during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair provides no measurable improvement in arthroscopic visualization or early pain scores [9]. Routine chondrectomy of cartilage lesions is recommended when these are found during an arthroscopy [69]. Suture passing needle breakage is a reported complication during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, highlighting the need for careful examination of all devices during and after surgery [94]. Both surgical and anesthesia teams should be cognizant of the risk of pulmonary complications, such as large asymptomatic pneumothorax, associated with shoulder arthroscopy performed with and without interscalene nerve blockade [79].

Revision: Evidence-based treatment algorithms exist for the evaluation and management of patients after a failed primary arthroscopic Bankart repair [7]. Recurrent glenohumeral instability combined with anchor-induced arthropathy can be successfully managed with modified arthroscopic transglenoid reconstruction following suture anchor retrieval [109]. Arthroscopic capsulolabral repair with suture anchor fixation can restore the stability of the glenohumeral joint and provide reliable improvement in subjective and objective outcome measures for circumferential lesions of the glenoid labrum [100].

Other Considerations: Arthroscopic procedures are encouraged for faster recovery and return to sport compared to open Latarjet procedures [18]. There is no proven advantage of arthroscopic Latarjet shoulder stabilization over an open procedure, though further understanding of failure causes is needed [34]. Studies comparing open repair to newer arthroscopic techniques using suture anchor fixation and capsular plication for recurrent anterior instability are necessary [76]. Future studies are needed to refine the technique and indications for thermal capsulorrhaphy in the treatment of posterior instability following multidirectional instability [67]. Researchers need to focus on diagnosis and indications for hip arthroscopy, as diagnosis, safety, and efficacy are key areas of progress [70]. Converting from nonoperative to arthroscopic treatment does not significantly increase patient costs compared with initial arthroscopic intervention, but both treatment pathways are roughly 2 times more costly to the patient than isolated nonoperative management [88]. Primary arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears is associated with significant improvements in pain, function, and objective outcome scores [2]. Arthroscopic partial repair of irreparable rotator cuff tears may produce initial improvement in selected outcomes at 2-year follow-up, but about half of the patients were not satisfied with their outcomes, which had deteriorated over time [3].

Complications

Infection (PJI): Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair demonstrates a significantly lower rate of postoperative infection compared with open or mini-open approaches [133, 137]. The overall incidence of infection was 8.5 per 1000 arthroscopic repairs over a 10-year period [118]. Deep infections are uncommon in mini-open repair, approximating rates seen with arthroscopic techniques [135]. In the context of septic arthritis, the incidence and risk of 30-day perioperative complications are similar after arthroscopic and open irrigation and debridement [117]. Conversely, open repair is associated with an increased risk of surgical infections, with the open group being 5.6 times more likely to develop a postoperative infection than the arthroscopic group [133]. Arthroscopic repair is also associated with significantly lower rates of deep incisional surgical-site infections, organ space infections, wound disruptions, and return to the operating room compared with open repair [142]. Patients undergoing a Latarjet-Bristow procedure face a significantly higher risk for short-term postoperative complications, including deep surgical site infections, compared to those undergoing Bankart repair [124].

Thromboembolism: Venous thromboembolism is a rare but potentially devastating complication of shoulder surgery with no established chemical prophylaxis guidelines [136]. The incidence rate of venous thromboembolism after arthroscopic shoulder surgeries is relatively low [121], and deep vein thrombosis remains a very rare complication, though the figure is expected to rise with the growing number of procedures [115]. While symptomatic venous thromboembolisms are rare following shoulder arthroscopic procedures, they still account for a certain number of postoperative complications [119]. Patients undergoing a Latarjet-Bristow procedure are at significantly higher risk for symptomatic venous thromboembolism than those undergoing Bankart repair [124].

Re-tear and Revision: Primary arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears results in a low rate of re-tear [2], though 53% of patients exhibited retearing after arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior massive rotator cuff tears [127]. The rate of reoperation for individuals who underwent primary arthroscopic repair with massive rotator cuff tears was 6% at 2-year minimum follow-up [113]. The complication rate after arthroscopic revision rotator cuff repair is about twice the published rate for primary rotator cuff repair [120]. Recent studies show 52% to 69% satisfactory results for small or medium tears in revision rotator cuff repair, with greater than 60% good or excellent results for arthroscopic revisions [6]. About half of patients undergoing arthroscopic partial repair for irreparable rotator cuff tears were not satisfied with their outcomes at 2-year follow-up, with outcomes deteriorating over time [3]. Favorable clinical outcomes follow rotator cuff revision repair performed both in an open manner and arthroscopically [114].

Other Considerations: Reported annual complication rates for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair have been significantly lower over the past 6 years, with an overall lower cumulative rate from 2007-2017 [116]. Bone marrow stimulation in primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has no significant effect on functional outcomes, healing, pain, or reoperation rates [112]. Platelet concentrates have no benefit regarding retear rate and overall clinical outcomes for the arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears [129]. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between single-row and double-row rotator cuff repair in a meta-analysis of Level I studies [125]. Early repair (within 6 months) of acute-on-chronic full-thickness rotator cuff tears resulted in statistically and clinically superior improvement in outcomes compared with repairs of chronic rotator cuff tears [126]. Adverse events were uncommon, and the rate of revision surgery was low in primary rotator cuff repair reinforced with a xenograft dermal matrix [123]. Secondary outcome measures, including failure and revision rates, were not significantly different among groups using looped versus pierced suture techniques in arthroscopic hip labral repair [130]. There was a low rate of reoperation or conversion to arthroplasty (7.2%) at midterm follow-up for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in patients aged 75 years and older [132]. Patient satisfaction after arthroscopy following shoulder arthroplasty is high, and the risk of complications is low [122]. Reported complications were lower overall in the arthroscopic stabilization group when compared with open surgeries for shoulder instability [140]. Total complications are higher after open repair in propensity-matched patient groups and in multivariate analysis [141].

Recovery

Light activity (weeks): Patients typically resume desk work, driving, and light activities of daily living within the early postoperative period, with arthroscopic procedures generally encouraged for faster recovery and return to sport compared to open Latarjet procedures [18]. While specific week ranges for light activity are not explicitly quantified in the provided evidence, the accelerated nature of arthroscopic management over open techniques supports early mobilization for these tasks.

Full activity (months): Return to manual work and sport varies by procedure and patient demographics. Arthroscopic repair of posterior humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, though the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain [1]. Conversely, arthroscopic revision repair for recurrent anterior shoulder instability reached high patient satisfaction and a high rate of return to sports [74]. For irreparable rotator cuff tears, five-year follow-up of arthroscopic superior capsule reconstruction showed restored shoulder function and high rates of return to recreational sport and work [110], whereas nearly a quarter of athletes were unable to return to play after arthroscopic superior labral repair [111]. Patients with larger than medium rotator cuff tears should be encouraged to continue rehabilitation for maximal restoration of muscle strength beyond 1 year postoperatively [38].

Complete recovery / outcome plateau (months): The plateau of maximum recovery after rotator cuff repair occurred at 1 year with high satisfaction rates at all time points [93]. At 10 years, primary tendon repair yields better results than physiotherapy for small and medium-sized rotator cuff tears [42]. While healing is greater for patients younger than 50 years, functional gain is at least equal between patients younger than 50 years and those over 70 years of age [86]. Arthroscopic partial repair of irreparable rotator cuff tears may produce initial improvement in selected outcomes at 2-year follow-up, but about half of the patients were not satisfied with their outcomes, which had deteriorated over time [3].

Rehabilitation protocol: Arthroscopically assisted repair of full-thickness, moderate-to-large rotator cuff tears using uniform surgical technique and rehabilitation protocols provides excellent outcomes regarding function, pain, and activities of daily living [40]. Primary arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears is associated with significant improvements in pain, function, and objective outcome scores [2]. In the physiotherapy treatment group for rotator cuff tears, there were increasing tear sizes and inferior outcomes in one-third of patients who did not undergo repair [50]. Patients with larger than medium rotator cuff tears should be encouraged to continue rehabilitation for maximal restoration of muscle strength beyond 1 year postoperatively [38].

Functional milestones: Primary repair of the acetabular labrum shows good clinical results with favorable outcomes and evidence of good healing, even among 11% of patients who required repeat arthroscopy [8]. Excellent outcomes were observed following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with and without concomitant procedures in patients younger than 40 years [17]. Arthroscopic repair in patients aged 65 years or older can yield tendon healing resulting in significant functional improvement [16]. Open Bankart repair provides good results twenty years after surgery in terms of subjective and objective outcome measurements [89]. An arthroscopic treatment regimen can improve function and activity levels in patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the knee [49].

Other Considerations: Resident involvement in arthroscopic Bankart repair as primary surgeons did not adversely affect recurrence and revision surgery rates or PRO measures at 2 years post-operatively when adequately supervised by attending surgeons [84]. Arthroscopic management of primary synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder is an effective treatment of choice with low morbidity and early functional return [5].

Key Evidence

• [L4] While arthroscopic repair of this combination typically results in favorable clinical outcomes, the likelihood of returning to sports remains uncertain. (10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.020)
• [L2] Arthroscopic repairs of chronic, massive RCTs, whether complete or partial, are associated with significant improvements in pain, function and objective outcome scores. (10.1007/s00167-020-06190-3)
• [L4] Arthroscopic partial repair may produce initial improvement in selected outcomes at 2-year follow-up, but about half of the patients were not satisfied with their outcomes, which had deteriorated over time. (10.1177/0363546515585122)
• [L4] Arthroscopic surgery allows inspection and anatomic-specific repairs, allowing excellent outcomes when all supporting structures are addressed. (10.1016/j.arthro.2007.11.004)
• [L4] Arthroscopic management is an effective treatment of choice with low morbidity and early functional return. (10.1016/j.arthro.2006.07.009)
• [L5] Successful outcomes require a complete understanding of anatomy, diagnosis of failure causes, and unique technical factors, with recent studies showing 52% to 69% satisfactory results for small or medium tears and greater than 60% good or excellent results for arthroscopic revisions. (10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.029)
• [L5] This review focuses on the etiology, evaluation, and management of patients after a failed primary arthroscopic Bankart repair, including an evidence-based treatment algorithm. (10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00077)
• [L4] This study showed good clinical results of primary repair with favorable outcomes and evidence of good healing, even among the 11% of patients who required repeat arthroscopy. (10.1016/j.arthro.2014.02.007)
• [L2] Additionally, there was no measurable improvement in arthroscopic visualization or early pain scores. (10.1016/j.jse.2022.06.027)
• [L4] Diagnostic arthroscopy performed in the setting of an unclear preoperative diagnosis yielded limited diagnostic benefit. (10.1177/1558944716661993)
• [L4] The arthroscopic repair technique leads to excellent short-term results with anatomic repair. (10.1007/s00167-009-0740-1)
• [L1] The arthroscopic approach offers a unique advantage in diagnosing and treating occult intra-articular pathology. (10.1016/j.jse.2006.10.006)
• [L4] Current data suggest that patients meeting eligibility criteria for arthroscopic stabilization (those without significant bony lesions or deformity) can expect equivalent rates of recurrence, better functional outcomes, and less morbidity compared to open methods. (10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.006)
• [L4] Arthroscopic repair remains a viable option even in a highly active patient population. (10.1016/j.arthro.2016.01.025)
• [L4] Arthroscopic repair in patients aged 65 years or older can yield tendon healing resulting in significant functional improvement. (10.1016/j.arthro.2009.08.027)
• [L4] Excellent outcomes were observed following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair both with and without concomitant procedures in patients younger than 40 years. (10.1016/j.arthro.2007.09.005)
• [L3] These results encourage the use of the arthroscopic procedure for a faster recovery and return to sport. (10.1016/j.jse.2021.03.130)
• [L5] The major indication for revision rotator cuff repair is the persistence of clinical symptoms despite nonsurgical management in the absence of substantial risk factors for failure. (10.5435/00124635-201111000-00002)
• [L1] No significant differences were found between the 2 arthroscopic repair techniques in terms of functional and radiological results. (10.1177/0363546517695789)
• [L4] The observed changes in scapular kinematics are associated with an increased overall range of motion and suggest restored function of shoulder muscles. (10.1016/j.jse.2015.10.021)
• [L5] In the setting of an irreparable supraspinatus tear, superior capsular reconstruction restores key biomechanical parameters of the shoulder to intact levels. (10.1016/j.jse.2020.03.007)
• [L4] The authors suggest the use of the sign to diagnose and classify these tears, and to guide placement of sutures during repair. (10.1007/s00167-006-0228-1)
• [L4] Twenty-six different criteria described by multiple classification systems have been identified for the magnetic resonance assessment of rotator cuff after repair. (10.1007/s00167-014-3486-3)
• [L4] Despite being more demanding, the arthroscopic approach is a valuable tool if the surgeon aims to reduce the invasiveness of the procedure. (10.1007/s00167-019-05568-2)
• [L4] Arthroscopic management in patients younger than 50 can achieve predictably good to excellent results regardless of tear size. (10.1016/j.jse.2007.05.006)
• [L3] Although arthroscopic repair of 270°-360° labral tears can yield excellent clinical outcomes similar to smaller tears, identifying factors associated with larger glenoid labral tears may help in surgical planning and patient counseling. (10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.001)
• [L3] Surgical arthroscopy for rotator pathology of the shoulder in middle-aged patients improved pain and function regardless of a traumatic onset; however, earlier repair after trauma resulted in better outcome scores. (10.1007/s00167-018-4969-4)
• [L2] In a small cohort of patients, we could not document any difference in clinical and radiographic outcomes at long-term follow-up between arthroscopic and open rotator cuff repair. (10.1016/j.jseint.2020.08.005)
• [L4] Patients and surgeons must be aware that 1 in 3 patients will require additional surgical intervention after the initial arthroscopy. (10.1016/j.jse.2012.05.033)
• [Case_report] Integrating DDR into the clinical workflow allows dynamic noninvasive examination of shoulder kinematics and provides an inexpensive method to objectively quantify disease severity with low radiation dosage. (10.1016/j.jseint.2023.02.015)
• [L5] In the setting of shoulder instability without evidence of a labral tear, the capsulolabral advancement technique may be considered biomechanically superior. (10.1016/j.arthro.2012.04.140)
• [L4] Recent studies have shown that arthroscopic repair gives similar functional results to that of mini-open and open procedures, with all the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. (10.1007/s00167-008-0686-8)
• [L5] Although there is no proven advantage of the arthroscopic procedure over an open one, it is too early to give up; crucial to understand the causes of failure and find solutions to simplify the surgery. (10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.277)
• [L3] Arm kinematic analyses suggest that open surgery stabilizes the shoulder but does not necessarily restore normal movement quality. (10.1016/j.jse.2013.09.021)
• [L3] The modified position of the scapula was maintained during the entire range of motion, suggesting a shoulder-stabilizing kinematic effect in addition to the bony, sling and bumper effects. (10.1016/j.jse.2024.02.022)
• [L5] FL-SCR restores glenohumeral translations but alters glenohumeral kinematics in that it shifts the humeral head inferiorly compared to the intact rotator cuff state at low levels of abduction. (10.1016/j.jse.2024.10.026)
• [L3] Patients with larger than medium tears should be encouraged to continue with rehabilitation for the maximal restoration of muscle strength beyond 1 year postoperatively. (10.1177/0363546515625043)
• [L4] It provides significant improvement in shoulder function without reducing shoulder range of motion. (10.1007/s00167-019-05496-1)
• [L4] An arthroscopically assisted repair of full-thickness, moderate-to-large rotator cuff tears using uniform surgical technique and rehabilitation protocols provides excellent outcome with regard to function, pain, and activities of daily living. (10.1177/03635465000280030401)
• [L4] Shoulder stiffness was the most frequent event. (10.1016/j.arthro.2020.08.010)
• [L1] At 10 years, the differences in outcome between primary tendon repair and physiotherapy for small and medium-sized rotator cuff tears had increased, with better results for primary tendon repair. (10.2106/jbjs.18.01373)
• [L4] LHB instability was associated with LHB lesions and rotator cuff tear size, leading to the creation of a new arthroscopic classification. (10.1016/j.arthro.2006.08.025)
• [L4] Available biomechanical evidence is limited, and further studies are needed. (10.1016/j.xrrt.2022.05.006)
• [L3] Diagnostic performance of the modified Patte classification system was excellent for reparability and acceptable for rotator cuff healing, with high measurement reliability. (10.1002/ksa.12162)
• [L5] LTT may restore native glenohumeral kinematics more sufficiently than LDT, potentially leading to improved postoperative functional outcomes. (10.1016/j.jse.2022.05.003)
• [L2] The main indication for reconstruction was a deficient labrum due to previous surgical excision or irreparable tears in young patients with no significant arthritis. (10.1007/s00167-013-2804-5)
• [L5] In a dynamic biomechanical cadaveric shoulder simulator, resurfacing the undersurface of the acromion using the BAR technique leads to significantly improved glenohumeral superior translation, maximum abduction angle, cumulative deltoid force, and subacromial contact pressure compared with the irreparable rotator cuff tear. (10.1016/j.arthro.2021.07.021)
• [L4] This arthroscopic treatment regimen can improve function and activity levels in patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis. (10.1016/j.arthro.2007.03.097)
• [L1] In the physiotherapy treatment group, there were increasing tear sizes and inferior outcomes in one-third of patients who did not undergo repair. (10.2106/jbjs.m.01393)
• [L4] This study confirms that a core group of experienced arthroscopic surgeons is able to perform task deconstruction of an arthroscopic Bankart repair and create unambiguous step and error definitions (metrics) that accurately characterize the essential components of the procedure. (10.1016/j.arthro.2015.04.093)
• [L4] This symposium provides an overview of subscapularis management techniques and reviews biomechanical studies comparing them, noting that while there is debate regarding optimal strength and stability, consensus on repair technique has not been reached. (10.1177/2471549219848152)
• [L5] In a biomechanical model, a VST anterior cable reconstruction partially restores superior stability and reduces peak subacromial contact pressure associated with an MCT, without affecting glenohumeral kinematics. (10.1016/j.arthro.2021.07.031)
• [L3] In our series, the Haddad classification had the best interobserver reliability for arthroscopic assessment of chondral damage of the hip. (10.1016/j.arthro.2015.02.029)
• [L5] Both techniques function to decrease superior humeral head migration and to restore more normal glenohumeral joint position and forces during various abduction positions. (10.1016/j.arthro.2018.09.016)
• [L4] Hip arthroscopy after hip arthroplasty is supported by this systematic review for a variety of indications. (10.1007/s00167-014-3379-5)
• [L5] Whether the biomechanical findings of improved subacromial contact pressures with a thicker graft placed in 15 to 45 degrees of shoulder abduction translate to the clinical situation of massive rotator cuff insufficiency remains to be determined. (10.1016/j.arthro.2015.12.032)
• [L4] Glenoid morphology can be normalized during the intermediate to long-term postoperative period, even in shoulders with a smaller fragment. (10.2106/jbjs.n.01033)
• [L2] It is an effective and safe method for providing postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. (10.1007/s00167-012-2272-3)
• [L4] With proper patient selection, the outcomes of revision arthroscopic Bankart repair appear similar to those of revision open Bankart repair. (10.1016/j.arthro.2013.04.017)
• [L1] This systematic review demonstrated a clear lack of consistency in cadaver studies investigating biomechanical properties after surgical repair with suture anchors for shoulder instability and SLAP lesions. (10.1016/j.arthro.2021.08.035)
• [L3] Understanding of hip disorder-specific chondral damage patterns may be useful for the development of arthroscopic classification of hip disorders and may lead to the establishment of treatment guidelines. (10.1007/s00167-014-3297-6)
• [L3] Although MRI data suggest improved healing rates in SR repairs in the entire patient population, DR repair showed improved radiographic healing when similar-sized tears were compared. (10.1016/j.arthro.2010.03.013)
• [L3] Both techniques significantly improved shoulder function and are relatively safe procedures. (10.1016/j.jse.2019.09.035)
• [L5] A structured core set of local events associated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has been developed by international consensus. (10.1016/j.jse.2016.04.036)
• [L3] Arthroscopic procedures do not significantly compromise clinical subscapularis function and structural integrity, although no significant differences were observed in overall outcome scores between the groups. (10.1177/0363546507299446)
• [L4] Future studies that refine the technique and indications for thermal capsulorrhaphy are indeed needed. (10.1016/j.arthro.2006.04.085)
• [L1] Subacromial continuous infusion of local anesthetic does not provide a clinically significant benefit compared with placebo as part of a multimodal analgesia regime after arthroscopic subacromial surgical procedures. (10.1016/j.jse.2019.11.010)
• [L4] The authors recommend routine chondrectomy of cartilage lesions when these are found during an arthroscopy. (10.1007/s001670100233)
• [L5] Researchers need to focus on diagnosis and indications for hip arthroscopy, as diagnosis is one step forward and one step back, safety is one step forward, and efficacy is one step forward. (10.1016/j.arthro.2008.07.001)
• [L3] Endoscopic GM repair with arthroscopic labral treatment results in safe, durable, and significant improvement in PROs at a minimum 5-year follow-up. (10.1016/j.arthro.2020.07.020)
• [Abstract] Arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP can yield good outcomes regardless of age if patient selection is adequate. (10.1016/j.jse.2013.07.015)
• [L1] At one-year follow-up, operative treatment is no better than conservative treatment with regard to non-traumatic supraspinatus tears, and that conservative treatment should be considered as the primary method of treatment for this condition. (10.1302/0301-620x.96b1.32168)
• [L4] Arthroscopic revision repair reached a high patient satisfaction, good clinical outcomes, and a high rate of return to sports. (10.1177/0363546510388909)
• [L3] Neuraxial anesthesia use in routine hip arthroscopy was associated with lower immediate postoperative pain scores, lower intraoperative and immediate postoperative opioid requirements, and may be associated with shorter anesthesia recovery time without any major adverse events when compared with general anesthesia. (10.1016/j.arthro.2020.08.032)
• [L1] Studies comparing open repair to newer arthroscopic techniques using suture anchor fixation and capsular plication are necessary. (10.1177/0363546504265188)
• [L5] Multimodal analgesia for rotator cuff repair should be individualized based on surgical location, complexity, and patient comorbidity, with interscalene block preferred for complex anterior procedures unless respiratory comorbidities are present, in which case periarticular infiltration combined with pharmacologic therapies is recommended. (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.06.010)
• [L1] No clinical or MRI differences were seen between patients repaired with a single-row or double-row technique. (10.1177/0363546508328115)
• [Case_report] Both the surgical and anesthesia teams should be cognizant of the risk of pulmonary complications associated with shoulder arthroscopy performed both with and without interscalene nerve blockade. (10.1016/j.jseint.2020.02.013)
• [L4] Although nonoperative treatment should be considered the first line of treatment for most SLAP tears, there are some factors that may be associated with failure of conservative treatment. (10.1016/j.jse.2021.12.022)
• [L4] The findings of this study demonstrate post-surgical radiographic and anatomical evidence of capsular defects in a select group of patients following hip arthroscopy. (10.1007/s00167-013-2591-z)
• [L4] Local anaesthesia with sedation allows pain control sufficient for massive rotator cuff mobilisation and repair, offering a potential clinical advantage by enabling visual assessment of muscle viability and repair solidity. (10.1016/j.jse.2009.01.007)
• [L5] Arthroscopic treatment should no longer be offered to people with subacromial impingement as surgery offers no discernible benefits but may result in harm, and the weight of evidence supports nonoperative management or no treatment. (10.1016/j.arthro.2022.03.017)
• [L3] Resident involvement in arthroscopic Bankart repair as primary surgeons did not adversely affect recurrence and revision surgery rates as well as PRO measures at 2 years post-operatively, provided they were adequately supervised by attending surgeons. (10.1002/ksa.12782)
• [L2] Younger patients with single tendon tears are more likely to undergo spontaneous resolution of a radiographic defect. (10.1016/j.jse.2011.03.028)
• [L4] After arthroscopic repair, healing is greater for patients younger than 50 years, but functional gain is at least equal between the 2 groups. (10.1016/j.arthro.2014.08.020)
• [L5] Nonsurgical treatment can be effective for patients with full-thickness tears. (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.06.122)
• [L3] Converting from nonoperative to arthroscopic treatment does not significantly increase patient costs compared with initial arthroscopic intervention, but both treatment pathways are roughly 2 times more costly to the patient than isolated nonoperative management. (10.1016/j.arthro.2025.04.027)
• [L4] Open Bankart repair provides good results twenty years after surgery in terms of subjective and objective outcome measurements. (10.2106/jbjs.n.01214)
• [L4] MRI demonstrated complete regeneration of subchondral bone and cartilage in all patients with significant improvement in functional scores. (10.1155/2017/6525373)
• [L4] Future research focusing on tendon healing is needed as repair integrity on MRI correlates with clinical outcomes. (10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.034)
• [L5] Double-layer fixation may provide a stronger initial repair than commonly used single-layer techniques. (10.1177/03635465030310040301)
• [L4] The plateau of maximum recovery after rotator cuff repair occurred at 1 year with high satisfaction rates at all time points. (10.1016/j.jse.2016.11.002)
• [L4] This is the first reported complication associated with the use of this type of suturing device, highlighting the need for careful examination of all devices during and after arthroscopic surgery. (10.1016/j.arthro.2007.10.010)
• [L1] After arthroscopic supraspinatus tendon repair, image-guided PRP treatment on 2 occasions does not improve early tendon-bone healing or functional recovery. (10.1177/0363546515572602)
• [L4] Use of these anchors should be reconsidered because of possible interference with revision surgery. (10.1177/0363546513517538)
• [L4] In 18 of 22 patients (82%) with partial-thickness rotator cuff tears treated with tear completion followed by surgical repair, there was no evidence of a full-thickness or near full–thickness defect on follow-up MRI at a minimum of 2 years. (10.1016/j.arthro.2010.08.017)
• [L4] The Fixation Seat appears to be a viable option for securing suture arthroscopically and eliminating the need to tie knots. (10.2106/00004623-200300004-00020)
• [L5] However, reliable fixation can be achieved in these individuals with adherence to biomechanical principles and the use of advanced arthroscopic reinforcement techniques. (10.1016/j.arthro.2011.05.015)
• [L4] The present study demonstrates that arthroscopic capsulolabral repair with suture anchor fixation can restore the stability of the glenohumeral joint and can provide a reliable improvement in subjective and objective outcome measures. (10.2106/jbjs.j.00234)
• [L4] Patients with healed tendons according to MRI had significant better functional and subjective outcome. (10.1016/j.arthro.2012.06.020)
• [L4] Understanding features of pre-operative MRI, physical examination and arthroscopic view is helpful to identify inSSC tears. (10.1007/s00167-022-07262-2)
• [L3] Neither of these radiographic parameters influenced the functional outcomes of massive posterosuperior tears after repair. (10.1016/j.jisako.2024.07.008)
• [L4] After successful arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, there was a slight (11.3%-13.9%) increase in muscle volume from preoperatively to final follow-up, as seen on serial MRI. (10.1177/0363546515625211)
• [L5] A Bankart repair construct that used 2 double-loaded anchors was either superior to or equal to a repair construct that used 3 single-loaded anchors in all measured outcomes. (10.1177/0363546512469090)
• [L4] For bursal-side PTRCT, clinical outcomes and tendon healing showed good results at a minimum 2 years after surgery, with minimal damage to intact articular tendon fibers on postoperative MRIs. (10.1177/0363546511412165)
• [L4] There was no need for hardware removal after suture-button fixation, with a low instability recurrence rate and excellent return to pre-injury activity level. (10.1016/j.arthro.2018.11.012)
• [L2] It also had no significant relationships with postoperative structural integrity and functional outcomes after arthroscopic repair. (10.1177/0363546515578101)
• [L4] The authors report a patient with recurrent glenohumeral instability combined with anchor-induced arthropathy successfully managed with modified arthroscopic transglenoid reconstruction following suture anchor retrieval. (10.1007/s00167-007-0329-5)
• [L4] In this 5-year follow-up study, healed arthroscopic superior capsule reconstruction restored shoulder function and resulted in high rates of return to recreational sport and work. (10.2106/jbjs.19.00135)
• [L4] Overall, nearly a quarter of athletes were unable to return to play after arthroscopic superior labral repair. (10.1177/03635465241246122)
• [L1] This meta-analysis of level I evidence demonstrates that bone marrow stimulation in the setting of primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has no significant effect on functional outcomes, healing, pain, or reoperation rates. (10.1016/j.jse.2023.08.012)
• [L4] The rate of reoperation for individuals who underwent primary arthroscopic repair with MRCTs was low at 6%. (10.1016/j.arthro.2024.02.026)
• [L4] The results of this systematic review demonstrate favorable clinical outcomes following RCR revision performed both in an open manner and arthroscopically. (10.1016/j.jse.2019.06.023)
• [L4] Deep vein thrombosis after shoulder arthroscopy remains a very rare complication, but the figure is expected to rise with the growing number of procedures. (10.1186/1471-2474-11-65)
• [L3] Reported annual complication rates have been significantly lower for arthroscopic RCR over the past 6 years, with an overall lower cumulative rate from 2007-2017. (10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.022)
• [L3] The incidence and risk of 30-day perioperative complications are similar after arthroscopic and open I&D for septic arthritis of the shoulder. (10.1016/j.jse.2019.11.007)
• [L3] The overall incidence of infection was 8.5/1000 arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs over a 10-year period. (10.1007/s00167-016-4202-2)
• [L4] While symptomatic VTEs are rare following shoulder arthroscopic procedures, surgeons must be aware that they still account for a certain number of postoperative complications. (10.1016/j.xrrt.2022.05.003)
• [L4] The complication rate after arthroscopic revision rotator cuff repair is about twice the published rate for primary rotator cuff repair. (10.1016/j.arthro.2013.06.015)
• [L2] The incidence rate of VTE after arthroscopic shoulder surgeries is relatively low. (10.1186/s13018-023-03592-0)
• [L4] Despite the low sample size and quality of evidence in our review, patient satisfaction after arthroscopy is high because standardized outcome scores improve, and the risk of complications is low. (10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.013)
• [L4] Adverse events were uncommon, and the rate of revision surgery was low. (10.1016/j.jse.2016.02.029)
• [L3] Patients undergoing a Latarjet-Bristow procedure are at significantly higher risk for short-term postoperative complications, including deep surgical site infections, return to the operating room, and symptomatic VTE, than those undergoing Bankart repair. (10.1016/j.arthro.2020.10.039)
• [L1] We found no significant differences in clinical outcomes between single-row and double-row rotator cuff repair in a meta-analysis of Level I studies. (10.1016/j.arthro.2012.11.019)
• [L3] Early repair (within 6 months) of acute-on-chronic full-thickness RCTs resulted in a statistically and clinically superior improvement in outcomes compared with repairs of chronic RCTs. (10.1016/j.jse.2016.09.032)
• [L3] After arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior massive RCTs, 53% of patients exhibited retearing. (10.1177/0363546517694028)
• [L1] This meta-analysis of high-level evidence suggests that PCs have no benefit regarding retear rate and overall clinical outcomes for the arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. (10.1016/j.arthro.2014.03.020)
• [L3] Secondary outcome measures, including failure and revision rates, were not significantly different among the groups, indicating that suture type did not influence outcomes. (10.1177/0363546515581469)
• [L4] There was a low rate of reoperation or conversion to arthroplasty (7.2%) at midterm follow-up. (10.1016/j.jse.2019.11.022)
• [L3] The open group was 5.6 times more likely to develop a postoperative infection than the arthroscopic group. (10.1177/2325967117715416)
• [L4] Only 4 infections were deep, which suggests that deep infection after mini-open RCR is uncommon and approximates infection rates seen with arthroscopic techniques. (10.1016/j.jse.2024.08.021)
• [L4] Venous thromboembolism is a rare but potentially devastating complication of shoulder surgery with no established chemical prophylaxis guidelines; mechanical prophylaxis is nearly universally accepted, and awareness of risk factors should be part of the informed consent process. (10.1136/jisakos-2020-000538)
• [L5] Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is associated with a lower rate of postoperative infection compared with open or mini-open approaches, but the preponderance of male patients among infections requires further research to determine effective preventive strategies. (10.1016/j.arthro.2015.12.034)
• [L4] Reported complications were lower overall in the arthroscopic stabilization group when compared with open surgeries. (10.1177/0363546511406869)
• [L3] Total complications are higher after open repair in propensity-matched patient groups and in multivariate analysis, with open repair associated with an increased risk of surgical infections. (10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.027)
• [L3] Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair was associated with significantly lower rates of deep incisional surgical-site infections, organ space infections, wound disruptions, and return to the operating room compared with open repair. (10.1016/j.arthro.2017.04.019)

See Also

• Rotator Cuff
• Rotator cuff repair
• Latarjet Procedure
• Shoulder Instability
• Total shoulder arthroplasty
• Cuff Pathology
• Arthroscopic Surgery
• Shoulder Arthroscopy
• Shoulder Arthroplasty
• Patient Demographics

References

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[61] Biomechanical Studies for Glenoid Based Labral Repairs With Suture Anchors Do Not Use Consistent Testing Methods: A Critical Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.08.035

[62] Hip morphology influences the pattern of articular cartilage damage. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3297-6

[63] Comparative Analysis of Single‐Row Versus Double‐Row Repair of Rotator Cuff Tears. Arthroscopy. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2010.03.013

[64] Retrospective review of open and arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears with subscapularis involvement: a single surgeon's experience. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.09.035

[65] Complications associated with arthroscopic rotator cuff tear repair: definition of a core event set by Delphi consensus process. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.04.036

[66] Structural Integrity and Clinical Function of the Subscapularis Musculotendinous Unit after Arthroscopic and Open Shoulder Stabilization. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2007. DOI: 10.1177/0363546507299446

[67] Posterior Instability of the Shoulder Following Thermal Capsulorrhaphy for Multidirectional Instability. Arthroscopy. 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2006.04.085

[68] Subacromial analgesia via continuous infusion catheter vs. placebo following arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.11.010

[69] Arthroscopic chondrectomy as a treatment of cartilage lesions. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2001. DOI: 10.1007/s001670100233

[70] Diagnosis, Safety, Efficacy: Hip and Shoulder Arthroscopy. Arthroscopy. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2008.07.001

[71] Mid-Term Outcomes of Endoscopic Gluteus Medius Repair With Concomitant Arthroscopic Labral Treatment: A Propensity-Matched Controlled Study. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.07.020

[72] Age-Related Outcome of Arthroscopic Repair of Isolated Type II Superior Labral Anterior and Posterior (SLAP) Lesions. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.07.015

[73] Treatment of non-traumatic rotator cuff tears. The Bone & Joint Journal. 2014. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.96b1.32168

[74] Arthroscopic Capsulolabral Revision Repair for Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011. DOI: 10.1177/0363546510388909

[75] Neuraxial Anesthesia Is Associated With Decreased Pain Scores and Post‐Anesthesia Care Unit Opioid Requirement Compared With General Anesthesia in Hip Arthroscopy. Arthroscopy. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.08.032

[76] Open Bankart Repair versus Arthroscopic Repair with Transglenoid Sutures or Bioabsorbable Tacks for Recurrent Anterior Instability of the Shoulder. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004. DOI: 10.1177/0363546504265188

[77] Editorial Commentary: Multimodal Analgesia for Rotator Cuff Repair Should Be Individualized Based on Surgical Location and Complexity and Patient Comorbidity. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.06.010

[78] A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Arthroscopic Single-and Double-Row Rotator Cuff Repair. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009. DOI: 10.1177/0363546508328115

[79] Large asymptomatic pneumothorax following arthroscopic-assisted acromioclavicular joint reconstruction after ultrasound-guided interscalene block: a case report. JSES International. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2020.02.013

[80] Return to play following nonsurgical management of superior labrum anterior-posterior tears: a systematic review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.12.022

[81] Evidence of capsular defect following hip arthroscopy. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2591-z

[82] Arthroscopic repair of large and massive rotator cuff tears performed under local anaesthesia and sedation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2009.01.007

[83] Editorial Commentary : Arthroscopic Treatment Should No Longer Be Offered to People With Subacromial Impingement. Arthroscopy. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.03.017

[84] Resident participation does not affect outcomes or complications after arthroscopic Bankart repair surgery. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2025. DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12782

[85] Prospective evaluation of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs at 5 years: part II–prognostic factors for clinical and radiographic outcomes. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.03.028

[86] Comparison of Functional Gains After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair in Patients Over 70 Years of Age Versus Patients Under 50 Years of Age: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Arthroscopy. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.08.020

[87] Management of Rotator Cuff Tears. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.06.122

[88] Conversion to Arthroscopic Surgery for Anterior Shoulder Instability Does Not Significantly Increase Patient Out‐of‐Pocket Costs, But Both Conversion and Initial Arthroscopic Management Are Twice as Costly as Isolated Nonoperative Management. Arthroscopy. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2025.04.027

[89] Open Bankart Repair for the Treatment of Anterior Shoulder Instability without Substantial Osseous Glenoid Defects. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume. 2015. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.n.01214

[90] Management of Hepple Stage V Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus with a Platelet-Rich Plasma Scaffold. BioMed Research International. 2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6525373

[91] Long-term outcomes after arthroscopic transosseous-equivalent repair: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results of rotator cuff tears at a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.034

[92] Rotator Cuff Repair. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003. DOI: 10.1177/03635465030310040301

[93] Speed of recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.11.002

[94] Suture Passing Needle Breakage During Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Complication Report. Arthroscopy. 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2007.10.010

[95] Do Postoperative Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Accelerate Early Tendon Healing and Functional Recovery After Arthroscopic Supraspinatus Repair?. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015. DOI: 10.1177/0363546515572602

[96] Postoperative Imaging of Bioabsorbable Anchors in Rotator Cuff Repair. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014. DOI: 10.1177/0363546513517538

[97] Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tendon Integrity Assessment After Arthroscopic Partial‐Thickness Rotator Cuff Repair. Arthroscopy. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2010.08.017

[98] EVALUATION OF A SUTURE SEAT, A BIODEGRADABLE SUTURE FASTENER, TO ELIMINATE KNOT-TYING IN ARTHROSCOPIC ROTATOR CUFF REPAIR. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume. 2003. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200300004-00020

[99] Techniques for Managing Poor Quality Tissue and Bone During Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. Arthroscopy. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2011.05.015

[100] Arthroscopic Repair of Circumferential Lesions of the Glenoid Labrum. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2010. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00234

[101] Arthroscopic Suture‐Bridge Repair for Small to Medium Size Supraspinatus Tear: Healing Rate and Retear Pattern. Arthroscopy. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2012.06.020

[102] The prevalence, classification, radiological and arthroscopic findings of intratendinous subscapularis tears. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07262-2

[103] Critical shoulder angle and acromial index do not influence functional outcomes after repair of massive rotator cuff tears. Journal of ISAKOS. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.07.008

[104] Reversibility of Supraspinatus Muscle Atrophy in Tendon-Bone Healing After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016. DOI: 10.1177/0363546515625211

[105] Biomechanical Analysis of a Double-Loaded Glenoid Anchor Configuration. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2012. DOI: 10.1177/0363546512469090

[106] Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Results of Arthroscopic Full-Layer Repair of Bursal-Side Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011. DOI: 10.1177/0363546511412165

[107] Arthroscopic Latarjet: Suture-Button Fixation Is a Safe and Reliable Alternative to Screw Fixation. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.11.012

[108] Low Serum Vitamin D Is Not Correlated With the Severity of a Rotator Cuff Tear or Retear After Arthroscopic Repair. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015. DOI: 10.1177/0363546515578101

[109] Revision using modified transglenoid reconstruction in recurred glenohumeral instability combined with anchor‐induced arthropathy. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2007. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-007-0329-5

[110] Five-Year Follow-up of Arthroscopic Superior Capsule Reconstruction for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2019. DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.19.00135

[111] Return to Play After Arthroscopic Superior Labral Repair: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/03635465241246122

[112] Bone channeling in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis of level I studies. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.08.012

[113] Primary Arthroscopic Repair for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears Results in Good Shoulder Function, Low Pain, and Satisfactory Outcomes at 2‐Year Minimum Follow‐Up. Arthroscopy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.02.026

[114] Revision rotator cuff repair: a systematic review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.06.023

[115] Deep vein thromboembolism after arthroscopy of the shoulder: two case reports and a review of the literature. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2010. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-65

[116] Arthroscopic and Open or Mini‐Open Rotator Cuff Repair Trends and Complication Rates Among American Board of Orthopaedic Surgeons Part II Examinees (2007‐2017). Arthroscopy. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.022

[117] Arthroscopic débridement has similar 30-day complications compared with open arthrotomy for the treatment of native shoulder septic arthritis: a population-based study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.11.007

[118] Infections following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: incidence, risk factors, and prophylaxis. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4202-2

[119] Venothromboembolism following shoulder arthroscopy: a systematic review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2022.05.003

[120] Complications After Arthroscopic Revision Rotator Cuff Repair. Arthroscopy. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2013.06.015

[121] Venous thromboembolism after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03592-0

[122] Indications and outcomes of shoulder arthroscopy after shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.013

[123] A prospective, multicenter study to evaluate clinical and radiographic outcomes in primary rotator cuff repair reinforced with a xenograft dermal matrix. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.02.029

[124] Increased Risk of Short-Term Complications and Venous Thromboembolism in Latarjet-Bristow Procedures Compared With Bankart Repairs. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.10.039

[125] Arthroscopic Single‐Row Versus Double‐Row Rotator Cuff Repair: A Meta‐analysis of the Randomized Clinical Trials. Arthroscopy. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2012.11.019

[126] Comparison of outcomes with arthroscopic repair of acute-on-chronic within 6 months and chronic rotator cuff tears. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.09.032

[127] Arthroscopic Repair of Anterosuperior Massive Rotator Cuff Tears: Does Repair Integrity Affect Outcomes?. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0363546517694028

[129] Are Platelet Concentrates an Ideal Biomaterial for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair? A Meta‐analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arthroscopy. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.03.020

[130] Clinical Outcomes After Arthroscopic Hip Labral Repair Using Looped Versus Pierced Suture Techniques. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015. DOI: 10.1177/0363546515581469

[132] Midterm outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in patients aged 75 years and older. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.11.022

[133] Infection Rates in Arthroscopic Versus Open Rotator Cuff Repair. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/2325967117715416

[135] Infection following mini-open rotator cuff repair: a single surgeon experience. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.08.021

[136] Venous thromboembolism complications in shoulder surgery: current concepts. Journal of ISAKOS. 2021. DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2020-000538

[137] Editorial Commentary: Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair—Infection Rate After Rotator Cuff Repair With Arthroscopic, Open, and Mini‐open Techniques. Arthroscopy. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.12.034

[140] Surgical Trends in Bankart Repair. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011. DOI: 10.1177/0363546511406869

[141] Comparison of Short‐term Complications After Rotator Cuff Repair: Open Versus Arthroscopic. Arthroscopy. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.027

[142] Arthroscopic Versus Open Rotator Cuff Repair: Which Has a Better Complication and 30‐Day Readmission Profile?. Arthroscopy. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.04.019